Data: CASIE 
        
        
        Negative Trigger
     
    
        
            
                
                    
                        
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            Nvidia 
                          
                    
                        
                            Video 
                          
                    
                        
                            and 
                          
                    
                        
                            an 
                          
                    
                        
                            Android 
                          
                    
                        
                            driver 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        have been revealed
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            by 
                          
                    
                        
                            Zimperium 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            which 
                          
                    
                        
                            acquired 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            flaws 
                          
                    
                        
                            as 
                          
                    
                        
                            part 
                          
                    
                        
                            of 
                          
                    
                        
                            an 
                          
                    
                        
                            exploit 
                          
                    
                        
                            acquisition 
                          
                    
                        
                            program 
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            On 
                          
                    
                        
                            Tuesday 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            Zimperium 
                          
                    
                        
                            zLabs 
                          
                    
                        
                            researchers 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        published
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            a 
                          
                    
                        
                            blog 
                          
                    
                        
                            post 
                          
                    
                        
                            detailing 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            security 
                          
                    
                        
                            flaws 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            two 
                          
                    
                        
                            escalation 
                          
                    
                        
                            of 
                          
                    
                        
                            privilege 
                          
                    
                        
                            bugs 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        found
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            within 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            NVIDIA 
                          
                    
                        
                            Video 
                          
                    
                        
                            driver 
                          
                    
                        
                            and 
                          
                    
                        
                            MSM 
                          
                    
                        
                            Thermal 
                          
                    
                        
                            driver 
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            The 
                          
                    
                        
                            Nvidia 
                          
                    
                        
                            bug 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            CVE-2016-2435 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        impacts
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            Android 
                          
                    
                        
                            6.0 
                          
                    
                        
                            on 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            Nexus 
                          
                    
                        
                            9 
                          
                    
                        
                            handset 
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            The 
                          
                    
                        
                            problem 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        arises
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            when 
                          
                    
                        
                            attackers 
                          
                    
                        
                            craft 
                          
                    
                        
                            an 
                          
                    
                        
                            application 
                          
                    
                        
                            to 
                          
                    
                        
                            tamper 
                          
                    
                        
                            with 
                          
                    
                        
                            read/write 
                          
                    
                        
                            memory 
                          
                    
                        
                            values 
                          
                    
                        
                            and 
                          
                    
                        
                            force 
                          
                    
                        
                            privilege 
                          
                    
                        
                            escalation 
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            The 
                          
                    
                        
                            second 
                          
                    
                        
                            security 
                          
                    
                        
                            flaw 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            CVE-2016-2411 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        involves
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            a 
                          
                    
                        
                            Qualcomm 
                          
                    
                        
                            power 
                          
                    
                        
                            management 
                          
                    
                        
                            kernel 
                          
                    
                        
                            driver 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            MSM 
                          
                    
                        
                            Thermal 
                          
                    
                        
                            driver 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            in 
                          
                    
                        
                            Android 
                          
                    
                        
                            version 
                          
                    
                        
                            6 
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            If 
                          
                    
                        
                            an 
                          
                    
                        
                            attacker 
                          
                    
                        
                            crafts 
                          
                    
                        
                            a 
                          
                    
                        
                            malicious 
                          
                    
                        
                            application 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            they 
                          
                    
                        
                            can 
                          
                    
                        
                            give 
                          
                    
                        
                            themselves 
                          
                    
                        
                            root 
                          
                    
                        
                            access 
                          
                    
                        
                            through 
                          
                    
                        
                            an 
                          
                    
                        
                            internal 
                          
                    
                        
                            bug 
                          
                    
                        
                            in 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            driver 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            leading 
                          
                    
                        
                            to 
                          
                    
                        
                            privilege 
                          
                    
                        
                            escalation 
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            These 
                          
                    
                        
                            bugs 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        are well documented
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        known
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            and 
                          
                    
                        
                            for 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            most 
                          
                    
                        
                            part 
                          
                    
                        
                            security 
                          
                    
                        
                            updates 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        have been issued
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.PatchVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            However 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            Zimperium 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        says
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            that 
                          
                    
                        
                            making 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            technical 
                          
                    
                        
                            details 
                          
                    
                        
                            available 
                          
                    
                        
                            of 
                          
                    
                        
                            these 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        so-called
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            `` 
                          
                    
                        
                            N-day 
                          
                    
                        
                            '' 
                          
                    
                        
                            flaws 
                          
                    
                        
                            is 
                          
                    
                        
                            important 
                          
                    
                        
                            and 
                          
                    
                        
                            can 
                          
                    
                        
                            act 
                          
                    
                        
                            as 
                          
                    
                        
                            a 
                          
                    
                        
                            catalyst 
                          
                    
                        
                            to 
                          
                    
                        
                            boost 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            speed 
                          
                    
                        
                            of 
                          
                    
                        
                            patch 
                          
                    
                        
                            production 
                          
                    
                        
                            and 
                          
                    
                        
                            to 
                          
                    
                        
                            iron 
                          
                    
                        
                            out 
                          
                    
                        
                            problems 
                          
                    
                        
                            arriving 
                          
                    
                        
                            between 
                          
                    
                        
                            a 
                          
                    
                        
                            patch 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        being created
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.PatchVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            and 
                          
                    
                        
                            vendors 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        distributing
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.PatchVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            update 
                          
                    
                        
                            in 
                          
                    
                        
                            good 
                          
                    
                        
                            time 
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            In 
                          
                    
                        
                            February 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            Zimperium 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        launched
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            an 
                          
                    
                        
                            N-day 
                          
                    
                        
                            acquisition 
                          
                    
                        
                            program 
                          
                    
                        
                            which 
                          
                    
                        
                            is 
                          
                    
                        
                            only 
                          
                    
                        
                            interested 
                          
                    
                        
                            in 
                          
                    
                        
                            known 
                          
                    
                        
                            security 
                          
                    
                        
                            problems 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            rather 
                          
                    
                        
                            than 
                          
                    
                        
                            unknown 
                          
                    
                        
                            and 
                          
                    
                        
                            unpatched 
                          
                    
                        
                            zero-days 
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            Over 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            next 
                          
                    
                        
                            year 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            exploit 
                          
                    
                        
                            purchaser 
                          
                    
                        
                            is 
                          
                    
                        
                            budgeting 
                          
                    
                        
                            a 
                          
                    
                        
                            total 
                          
                    
                        
                            of 
                          
                    
                        
                            $ 
                          
                    
                        
                            1.5 
                          
                    
                        
                            million 
                          
                    
                        
                            to 
                          
                    
                        
                            pick 
                          
                    
                        
                            up 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            details 
                          
                    
                        
                            on 
                          
                    
                        
                            these 
                          
                    
                        
                            exploits 
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            Once 
                          
                    
                        
                            a 
                          
                    
                        
                            bug 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        has been discovered
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.DiscoverVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            and 
                          
                    
                        
                            a 
                          
                    
                        
                            fix 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        is being worked on
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.PatchVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            an 
                          
                    
                        
                            N-day 
                          
                    
                        
                            exploit 
                          
                    
                        
                            indicates 
                          
                    
                        
                            a 
                          
                    
                        
                            time 
                          
                    
                        
                            of 
                          
                    
                        
                            one 
                          
                    
                        
                            or 
                          
                    
                        
                            more 
                          
                    
                        
                            days 
                          
                    
                        
                            in 
                          
                    
                        
                            which 
                          
                    
                        
                            user 
                          
                    
                        
                            systems 
                          
                    
                        
                            can 
                          
                    
                        
                            be 
                          
                    
                        
                            compromised 
                          
                    
                        
                            until 
                          
                    
                        
                            a 
                          
                    
                        
                            security 
                          
                    
                        
                            update 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        is issued
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.PatchVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            `` 
                          
                    
                        
                            By 
                          
                    
                        
                            focusing 
                          
                    
                        
                            on 
                          
                    
                        
                            N-days 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            or 
                          
                    
                        
                            patched 
                          
                    
                        
                            vulnerabilities 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            Zimperium 
                          
                    
                        
                            is 
                          
                    
                        
                            applying 
                          
                    
                        
                            pressure 
                          
                    
                        
                            on 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            mobile 
                          
                    
                        
                            ecosystem 
                          
                    
                        
                            to 
                          
                    
                        
                            re-think 
                          
                    
                        
                            how 
                          
                    
                        
                            and 
                          
                    
                        
                            when 
                          
                    
                        
                            users 
                          
                    
                        
                            
                                
                                    
                                        receive
                                     
                                    
                                        Vulnerability-related.PatchVulnerability
                                    
                                
                            
                          
                    
                        
                            security 
                          
                    
                        
                            updates 
                          
                    
                        
                            , 
                          
                    
                        
                            '' 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            company 
                          
                    
                        
                            said 
                          
                    
                        
                            at 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            time 
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            `` 
                          
                    
                        
                            [ 
                          
                    
                        
                            The 
                          
                    
                        
                            ] 
                          
                    
                        
                            program 
                          
                    
                        
                            will 
                          
                    
                        
                            reward 
                          
                    
                        
                            the 
                          
                    
                        
                            hard 
                          
                    
                        
                            work 
                          
                    
                        
                            of 
                          
                    
                        
                            researchers 
                          
                    
                        
                            who 
                          
                    
                        
                            would 
                          
                    
                        
                            n't 
                          
                    
                        
                            otherwise 
                          
                    
                        
                            receive 
                          
                    
                        
                            compensation 
                          
                    
                        
                            for 
                          
                    
                        
                            an 
                          
                    
                        
                            N-day 
                          
                    
                        
                            exploit 
                          
                    
                        
                            . 
                          
                    
                        
                            ''